Jason Watmore's Blog A Web Developer in Sydney
Published: November 15 2022

Angular 14 - JWT Authentication Example & Tutorial

Tutorial built with Angular 14.2.10

Other versions available:

The following is a custom JWT authentication example and tutorial showing how to setup a simple login page in Angular 14.

Example Angular 14 App

The example app is pretty minimal and contains just 2 pages to demonstrate JWT authentication in Angular 14:

  • /login - public login page with username and password fields, on submit the page sends a POST request to the API to authenticate user credentials, on success the API returns a JWT token to make authenticated requests to secure API routes.
  • / - secure home page that displays a list of users fetched from a secure API endpoint using the JWT token received after successful login.

Login Form with Angular Reactive Forms

The login form in the example is built with the Reactive Forms library that comes as part of the Angular framework (in @angular/forms). It uses a model-driven approach to build, validate and handle forms in Angular. For more info see https://angular.io/guide/reactive-forms.

Shared State with RxJS

RxJS Subjects and Observables are used to manage shared state in the Angular application. For example the current logged in user is managed by the authentication service with an RxJS BehaviorSubject and exposed to the rest of the app with an RxJS Observable that any Angular component can subscribe to and be notified when the user logs in or out.

Fake Backend API

The Angular app runs with a fake backend by default to enable it to run completely in the browser without a real backend api (backend-less), to switch to a real api simply remove or comment out the line below the comment // provider used to create fake backend located in the app module (/src/app/app.module.ts).

You can build your own API or hook it up with a .NET API or Node.js API available below.

Styled with Bootstrap 5

The example login app is styled with the CSS from Bootstrap 5.2, for more info about Bootstrap see https://getbootstrap.com/docs/5.2/getting-started/introduction/.

Code on GitHub

The project is available on GitHub at https://github.com/cornflourblue/angular-14-jwt-authentication-example.

Here it is in action: (See on StackBlitz at https://stackblitz.com/edit/angular-14-jwt-authentication-example)


Run the Angular 14 JWT Auth Example Locally

  1. Install NodeJS and NPM from https://nodejs.org.
  2. Download or clone the Angular project source code from https://github.com/cornflourblue/angular-14-jwt-authentication-example
  3. Install all required npm packages by running npm install or npm i from the command line in the project root folder (where the package.json is located).
  4. Start the app by running npm start from the command line in the project root folder, this will compile the Angular app and automatically launch it in the browser on the URL http://localhost:4200.

NOTE: You can also start the app with the Angular CLI command ng serve --open. To do this first install the Angular CLI globally on your system with the command npm install -g @angular/cli.


Connect the Angular App with a .NET 6.0 API

For full details about the example .NET 6 API see the post .NET 6.0 - JWT Authentication Tutorial with Example API. But to get up and running quickly just follow the below steps.

  1. Install the .NET SDK from https://dotnet.microsoft.com/download.
  2. Download or clone the project source code from https://github.com/cornflourblue/dotnet-6-jwt-authentication-api
  3. Start the api by running dotnet run from the command line in the project root folder (where the WebApi.csproj file is located), you should see the message Now listening on: http://localhost:4000.
  4. Back in the Angular app, remove or comment out the line below the comment // provider used to create fake backend located in the /src/app/app.module.ts file, then start the Angular app and it should now be connected with the .NET API.


Connect the Angular App with a Node.js API

For full details about the example Node.js API see the post NodeJS - JWT Authentication Tutorial with Example API. But to get up and running quickly just follow the below steps.

  1. Install NodeJS and NPM from https://nodejs.org.
  2. Download or clone the project source code from https://github.com/cornflourblue/node-jwt-authentication-api
  3. Start the api by running npm start from the command line in the project root folder, you should see the message Server listening on port 4000.
  4. Back in the Angular app, remove or comment out the line below the comment // provider used to create fake backend located in the /src/app/app.module.ts file, then start the Angular app and it should now be connected with the Node.js API.


Angular 14 Project Structure

The Angular CLI was used to generate the base project structure with the ng new <project name> command, the CLI is also used to build and serve the application. For more info about the Angular CLI see https://angular.io/cli.

The app and code structure of the tutorial mostly follow the best practice recommendations in the official Angular Style Guide, with a few of my own tweaks here and there.

Folder Structure

Each feature has it's own folder (home & login), other shared/common code such as services, models, helpers etc are placed in folders prefixed with an underscore _ to easily differentiate them from features and group them together at the top of the folder structure.

Barrel Files

The index.ts file in each folder is a barrel file that groups the exported modules from that folder together so they can be imported using only the folder path instead of the full module path, and to enable importing multiple modules in a single import (e.g. import { AuthenticationService, UserService } from '@app/_services').

TypeScript Path Aliases

Path aliases @app and @environments have been configured in tsconfig.json that map to the /src/app and /src/environments directories. This allows imports to be relative to the app and environments folders by prefixing import paths with aliases instead of having to use long relative paths (e.g. import MyComponent from '../../../MyComponent').

Angular 14 Source Code

Below are the main project files that contain the JWT application logic, I left out some files that were generated by Angular CLI ng new command that I didn't change.

 

Auth Guard

Path: /src/app/_helpers/auth.guard.ts

The auth guard is an angular route guard that's used to prevent unauthenticated users from accessing restricted routes, it does this by implementing the CanActivate interface which allows the guard to decide if a route can be activated with the canActivate() method. If the method returns true the route is activated (allowed to proceed), otherwise if the method returns false the route is blocked.

The auth guard uses the authentication service to check if the user is logged in, if they are logged in it returns true from the canActivate() method, otherwise it returns false and redirects the user to the login page.

Angular route guards are attached to routes in the router config, this auth guard is used in app-routing.module.ts to protect the home page route.

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { Router, CanActivate, ActivatedRouteSnapshot, RouterStateSnapshot } from '@angular/router';

import { AuthenticationService } from '@app/_services';

@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })
export class AuthGuard implements CanActivate {
    constructor(
        private router: Router,
        private authenticationService: AuthenticationService
    ) { }

    canActivate(route: ActivatedRouteSnapshot, state: RouterStateSnapshot) {
        const user = this.authenticationService.userValue;
        if (user) {
            // logged in so return true
            return true;
        }

        // not logged in so redirect to login page with the return url
        this.router.navigate(['/login'], { queryParams: { returnUrl: state.url } });
        return false;
    }
}
 

Http Error Interceptor

Path: /src/app/_helpers/error.interceptor.ts

The Error Interceptor intercepts http responses from the api to check if there were any errors. If there is a 401 Unauthorized or 403 Forbidden response the user is automatically logged out of the application, all other errors are re-thrown up to the calling service so an alert with the error can be displayed on the screen.

It's implemented using the HttpInterceptor class included in the HttpClientModule, by extending the HttpInterceptor class you can create a custom interceptor to catch all error responses from the server in a single location.

Http interceptors are added to the request pipeline in the providers section of the app.module.ts file.

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { HttpRequest, HttpHandler, HttpEvent, HttpInterceptor } from '@angular/common/http';
import { Observable, throwError } from 'rxjs';
import { catchError } from 'rxjs/operators';

import { AuthenticationService } from '@app/_services';

@Injectable()
export class ErrorInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {
    constructor(private authenticationService: AuthenticationService) { }

    intercept(request: HttpRequest<any>, next: HttpHandler): Observable<HttpEvent<any>> {
        return next.handle(request).pipe(catchError(err => {
            if ([401, 403].includes(err.status)) {
                // auto logout if 401 Unauthorized or 403 Forbidden response returned from api
                this.authenticationService.logout();
            }

            const error = err.error.message || err.statusText;
            return throwError(error);
        }))
    }
}
 

Fake Backend Provider

Path: /src/app/_helpers/fake-backend.ts

In order to run and test the Angular application without a real backend API, the example uses a fake backend that intercepts the HTTP requests from the Angular app and send back "fake" responses. This is done by a class that implements the Angular HttpInterceptor interface, for more information on Angular HTTP Interceptors see https://angular.io/api/common/http/HttpInterceptor or this article.

The fake backend contains a handleRoute function that checks if the request matches one of the faked routes in the switch statement, at the moment this includes POST requests to the /users/authenticate route for handling authentication, and GET requests to the /users route for getting all users.

Requests to the authenticate route are handled by the authenticate() function which checks the username and password against an array of hardcoded users. If the username and password are correct then an ok response is returned with the user details and a fake jwt token, otherwise an error response is returned.

Requests to the get users route are handled by the getUsers() function which checks if the user is logged in by calling the new isLoggedIn() helper function. If the user is logged in an ok() response with the whole users array is returned, otherwise a 401 Unauthorized response is returned by calling the new unauthorized() helper function.

If the request doesn't match any of the faked routes it is passed through as a real HTTP request to the backend API.

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { HttpRequest, HttpResponse, HttpHandler, HttpEvent, HttpInterceptor, HTTP_INTERCEPTORS } from '@angular/common/http';
import { Observable, of, throwError } from 'rxjs';
import { delay, mergeMap, materialize, dematerialize } from 'rxjs/operators';

const users = [{ id: 1, username: 'test', password: 'test', firstName: 'Test', lastName: 'User' }];

@Injectable()
export class FakeBackendInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {
    intercept(request: HttpRequest<any>, next: HttpHandler): Observable<HttpEvent<any>> {
        const { url, method, headers, body } = request;

        // wrap in delayed observable to simulate server api call
        return of(null)
            .pipe(mergeMap(handleRoute))
            .pipe(materialize()) // call materialize and dematerialize to ensure delay even if an error is thrown (https://github.com/Reactive-Extensions/RxJS/issues/648)
            .pipe(delay(500))
            .pipe(dematerialize());

        function handleRoute() {
            switch (true) {
                case url.endsWith('/users/authenticate') && method === 'POST':
                    return authenticate();
                case url.endsWith('/users') && method === 'GET':
                    return getUsers();
                default:
                    // pass through any requests not handled above
                    return next.handle(request);
            }    
        }

        // route functions

        function authenticate() {
            const { username, password } = body;
            const user = users.find(x => x.username === username && x.password === password);
            if (!user) return error('Username or password is incorrect');
            return ok({
                id: user.id,
                username: user.username,
                firstName: user.firstName,
                lastName: user.lastName,
                token: 'fake-jwt-token'
            })
        }

        function getUsers() {
            if (!isLoggedIn()) return unauthorized();
            return ok(users);
        }

        // helper functions

        function ok(body?: any) {
            return of(new HttpResponse({ status: 200, body }))
        }

        function error(message: string) {
            return throwError(() => ({ error: { message } }));
        }

        function unauthorized() {
            return throwError(() => ({ status: 401, error: { message: 'Unauthorised' } }));
        }

        function isLoggedIn() {
            return headers.get('Authorization') === 'Bearer fake-jwt-token';
        }
    }
}

export let fakeBackendProvider = {
    // use fake backend in place of Http service for backend-less development
    provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS,
    useClass: FakeBackendInterceptor,
    multi: true
};
 

JWT Interceptor

Path: /src/app/_helpers/jwt.interceptor.ts

The JWT Interceptor intercepts http requests from the application to add a JWT auth token to the Authorization header if the user is logged in and the request is to the application api url (environment.apiUrl).

It's implemented using the HttpInterceptor class included in the HttpClientModule, by extending the HttpInterceptor class you can create a custom interceptor to modify http requests before they get sent to the server.

Http interceptors are added to the request pipeline in the providers section of the app.module.ts file.

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { HttpRequest, HttpHandler, HttpEvent, HttpInterceptor } from '@angular/common/http';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs';

import { environment } from '@environments/environment';
import { AuthenticationService } from '@app/_services';

@Injectable()
export class JwtInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {
    constructor(private authenticationService: AuthenticationService) { }

    intercept(request: HttpRequest<any>, next: HttpHandler): Observable<HttpEvent<any>> {
        // add auth header with jwt if user is logged in and request is to the api url
        const user = this.authenticationService.userValue;
        const isLoggedIn = user?.token;
        const isApiUrl = request.url.startsWith(environment.apiUrl);
        if (isLoggedIn && isApiUrl) {
            request = request.clone({
                setHeaders: {
                    Authorization: `Bearer ${user.token}`
                }
            });
        }

        return next.handle(request);
    }
}
 

User Model

Path: /src/app/_models/user.ts

The user model is a small class that defines the properties of a user.

export class User {
    id?: number;
    username?: string;
    firstName?: string;
    lastName?: string;
    token?: string;
}
 

Authentication Service

Path: /src/app/_services/authentication.service.ts

The authentication service is used to login & logout of the Angular app, it notifies other components when the user logs in & out, and allows access the currently logged in user.

How RxJS is used by the service

RxJS Subjects and Observables are used to store the current user object and notify other components when the user logs in and out of the app. Angular components can subscribe() to the public user: Observable property to be notified of changes, and notifications are sent when the this.userSubject.next() method is called in the login() and logout() methods, passing the argument to each subscriber.

The RxJS BehaviorSubject is a special type of Subject that keeps hold of the current value and emits it to any new subscribers as soon as they subscribe, while regular Subjects don't store the current value and only emit values that are published after a subscription is created. For more info on component communication with RxJS see Angular 14 - Communicating Between Components with RxJS Observable & Subject.

Auth service methods and properties

The login() method sends the user credentials to the API via an HTTP POST request for authentication. If successful the user object including a JWT auth token are stored in localStorage to keep the user logged in between page refreshes. The user object is then published to all subscribers with the call to this.userSubject.next(user);.

The logout() method removes the current user object from local storage, publishes null to the userSubject to notify all subscribers that the user has logged out, and redirects the user to the login page.

The constructor() of the service initialises the userSubject with the user object from localStorage which enables the user to stay logged in between page refreshes or after the browser is closed. The public user property is then set to this.userSubject.asObservable(); which allows other components to subscribe to the user Observable but doesn't allow them to publish to the userSubject, this is so logging in and out of the app can only be done via the authentication service.

The userValue getter allows other components an easy way to get the value of the currently logged in user without having to subscribe to the user Observable.

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { Router } from '@angular/router';
import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';
import { BehaviorSubject, Observable } from 'rxjs';
import { map } from 'rxjs/operators';

import { environment } from '@environments/environment';
import { User } from '@app/_models';

@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })
export class AuthenticationService {
    private userSubject: BehaviorSubject<User | null>;
    public user: Observable<User | null>;

    constructor(
        private router: Router,
        private http: HttpClient
    ) {
        this.userSubject = new BehaviorSubject(JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem('user')!));
        this.user = this.userSubject.asObservable();
    }

    public get userValue() {
        return this.userSubject.value;
    }

    login(username: string, password: string) {
        return this.http.post<any>(`${environment.apiUrl}/users/authenticate`, { username, password })
            .pipe(map(user => {
                // store user details and jwt token in local storage to keep user logged in between page refreshes
                localStorage.setItem('user', JSON.stringify(user));
                this.userSubject.next(user);
                return user;
            }));
    }

    logout() {
        // remove user from local storage to log user out
        localStorage.removeItem('user');
        this.userSubject.next(null);
        this.router.navigate(['/login']);
    }
}
 

User Service

Path: /src/app/_services/user.service.ts

The user service contains a method for getting all users from the api, I included it to demonstrate accessing a secure api endpoint with the http authorization header set after logging in to the application, the auth header is set with a JWT token with the JWT Interceptor. The secure endpoint in the example is implemented in the fake backend.

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';

import { environment } from '@environments/environment';
import { User } from '@app/_models';

@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })
export class UserService {
    constructor(private http: HttpClient) { }

    getAll() {
        return this.http.get<User[]>(`${environment.apiUrl}/users`);
    }
}
 

Home Component Template

Path: /src/app/home/home.component.html

The home component template contains html and angular 14 template syntax for displaying a simple welcome message and a list of users from a secure api endpoint.

<div class="card mt-4">
    <h4 class="card-header py-3">You're logged in with Angular 14 & JWT!!</h4>
    <div class="card-body">
        <h6>Users from secure api end point</h6>
        <div *ngIf="loading" class="spinner-border spinner-border-sm"></div>
        <ul *ngIf="users">
            <li *ngFor="let user of users">{{user.firstName}} {{user.lastName}}</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
 

Home Component

Path: /src/app/home/home.component.ts

The home component defines an angular 14 component that gets all users from the user service and makes them available to the template via a users array property.

import { Component } from '@angular/core';
import { first } from 'rxjs/operators';

import { User } from '@app/_models';
import { UserService } from '@app/_services';

@Component({ templateUrl: 'home.component.html' })
export class HomeComponent {
    loading = false;
    users?: User[];

    constructor(private userService: UserService) { }

    ngOnInit() {
        this.loading = true;
        this.userService.getAll().pipe(first()).subscribe(users => {
            this.loading = false;
            this.users = users;
        });
    }
}
 

Login Component Template

Path: /src/app/login/login.component.html

The login component template contains a login form with username and password fields. It displays validation messages for invalid fields when the submit button is clicked. The form submit event is bound to the onSubmit() method of the login component.

The component uses reactive form validation to validate the input fields, for more information about angular reactive form validation see Angular 14 - Reactive Forms Validation Example.

<div class="col-md-6 offset-md-3 mt-5">
    <div class="alert alert-info">
        Username: test<br />
        Password: test
    </div>
    <div class="card">
        <h4 class="card-header py-3">Angular 14 JWT Login Example</h4>
        <div class="card-body">
            <form [formGroup]="loginForm" (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()">
                <div class="mb-3">
                    <label class="form-label">Username</label>
                    <input type="text" formControlName="username" class="form-control" [ngClass]="{ 'is-invalid': submitted && f.username.errors }" />
                    <div *ngIf="submitted && f.username.errors" class="invalid-feedback">
                        <div *ngIf="f.username.errors.required">Username is required</div>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="mb-3">
                    <label class="form-label">Password</label>
                    <input type="password" formControlName="password" class="form-control" [ngClass]="{ 'is-invalid': submitted && f.password.errors }" />
                    <div *ngIf="submitted && f.password.errors" class="invalid-feedback">
                        <div *ngIf="f.password.errors.required">Password is required</div>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <button [disabled]="loading" class="btn btn-primary">
                    <span *ngIf="loading" class="spinner-border spinner-border-sm mr-1"></span>
                    Login
                </button>
                <div *ngIf="error" class="alert alert-danger mt-3 mb-0">{{error}}</div>
            </form>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>
 

Login Component

Path: /src/app/login/login.component.ts

The login component uses the authentication service to login to the application. If the user is already logged in they are automatically redirected to the home page.

The loginForm: FormGroup object defines the form controls and validators, and is used to access data entered into the form. The FormGroup is part of the Angular Reactive Forms module and is bound to the login template above with the [formGroup]="loginForm" directive.

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';
import { Router, ActivatedRoute } from '@angular/router';
import { FormBuilder, FormGroup, Validators } from '@angular/forms';
import { first } from 'rxjs/operators';

import { AuthenticationService } from '@app/_services';

@Component({ templateUrl: 'login.component.html' })
export class LoginComponent implements OnInit {
    loginForm!: FormGroup;
    loading = false;
    submitted = false;
    error = '';

    constructor(
        private formBuilder: FormBuilder,
        private route: ActivatedRoute,
        private router: Router,
        private authenticationService: AuthenticationService
    ) { 
        // redirect to home if already logged in
        if (this.authenticationService.userValue) { 
            this.router.navigate(['/']);
        }
    }

    ngOnInit() {
        this.loginForm = this.formBuilder.group({
            username: ['', Validators.required],
            password: ['', Validators.required]
        });
    }

    // convenience getter for easy access to form fields
    get f() { return this.loginForm.controls; }

    onSubmit() {
        this.submitted = true;

        // stop here if form is invalid
        if (this.loginForm.invalid) {
            return;
        }

        this.error = '';
        this.loading = true;
        this.authenticationService.login(this.f.username.value, this.f.password.value)
            .pipe(first())
            .subscribe({
                next: () => {
                    // get return url from route parameters or default to '/'
                    const returnUrl = this.route.snapshot.queryParams['returnUrl'] || '/';
                    this.router.navigate([returnUrl]);
                },
                error: error => {
                    this.error = error;
                    this.loading = false;
                }
            });
    }
}
 

App Routing Module

Path: /src/app/app-routing.module.ts

Routing for the Angular app is configured as an array of Routes, each component is mapped to a path so the Angular Router knows which component to display based on the URL in the browser address bar. The home route is secured by passing the AuthGuard to the canActivate property of the route.

The routes array is passed to the RouterModule.forRoot() method which creates a routing module with all of the app routes configured, and also includes all of the Angular Router providers and directives such as the <router-outlet></router-outlet> directive. For more information on Angular Routing and Navigation see https://angular.io/guide/router.

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { Routes, RouterModule } from '@angular/router';

import { HomeComponent } from './home';
import { LoginComponent } from './login';
import { AuthGuard } from './_helpers';

const routes: Routes = [
    { path: '', component: HomeComponent, canActivate: [AuthGuard] },
    { path: 'login', component: LoginComponent },

    // otherwise redirect to home
    { path: '**', redirectTo: '' }
];

@NgModule({
    imports: [RouterModule.forRoot(routes)],
    exports: [RouterModule]
})
export class AppRoutingModule { }
 

App Component Template

Path: /src/app/app.component.html

The app component template is the root component template of the application, it contains the main nav bar which is only displayed for authenticated users, and a router-outlet directive for displaying the contents of each view based on the current route / path.

<!-- nav -->
<nav class="navbar navbar-expand navbar-dark bg-dark px-3" *ngIf="user">
    <div class="navbar-nav">
        <a class="nav-item nav-link" routerLink="/" routerLinkActive="active">Home</a>
        <button class="btn btn-link nav-item nav-link" (click)="logout()">Logout</button>
    </div>
</nav>

<!-- main app container -->
<div class="container">
    <router-outlet></router-outlet>
</div>
 

App Component

Path: /src/app/app.component.ts

The app component is the root component of the application, it defines the root tag of the app as <app-root></app-root> with the selector property of the @Component() decorator.

It subscribes to the user observable in the authentication service so it can reactively show/hide the main navigation bar when the user logs in/out of the application. Usually it's best practice to unsubscribe when the component is destroyed to avoid memory leaks. This isn't necessary in the root app component because it will only be destroyed when the entire app is closed.

The app component contains a logout() method which is called from the logout link in the main nav bar above to log the user out and redirect them to the login page.

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

import { AuthenticationService } from './_services';
import { User } from './_models';

@Component({ selector: 'app-root', templateUrl: 'app.component.html' })
export class AppComponent {
    user?: User | null;

    constructor(private authenticationService: AuthenticationService) {
        this.authenticationService.user.subscribe(x => this.user = x);
    }

    logout() {
        this.authenticationService.logout();
    }
}
 

App Module

Path: /src/app/app.module.ts

The app module defines the root module of the application along with metadata about the module. For more info see https://angular.io/guide/ngmodules.

This is where the fake backend provider is added to the application, to switch to a real backend simply remove the providers located below the comment // provider used to create fake backend.

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { ReactiveFormsModule } from '@angular/forms';
import { HttpClientModule, HTTP_INTERCEPTORS } from '@angular/common/http';

// used to create fake backend
import { fakeBackendProvider } from './_helpers';

import { AppComponent } from './app.component';
import { AppRoutingModule } from './app-routing.module';

import { JwtInterceptor, ErrorInterceptor } from './_helpers';
import { HomeComponent } from './home';
import { LoginComponent } from './login';

@NgModule({
    imports: [
        BrowserModule,
        ReactiveFormsModule,
        HttpClientModule,
        AppRoutingModule
    ],
    declarations: [
        AppComponent,
        HomeComponent,
        LoginComponent
    ],
    providers: [
        { provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: JwtInterceptor, multi: true },
        { provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: ErrorInterceptor, multi: true },

        // provider used to create fake backend
        fakeBackendProvider
    ],
    bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }
 

Production Environment Config

Path: /src/environments/environment.prod.ts

The production environment config contains variables required to run the application in production. This enables you to build the application with a different configuration for each different environment (e.g. production & development) without updating the app code.

When you build the application for production with the command ng build --configuration production, the output environment.ts is replaced with environment.prod.ts.

export const environment = {
    production: true,
    apiUrl: 'http://localhost:4000'
};
 

Development Environment Config

Path: /src/environments/environment.ts

The development environment config contains variables required to run the application in development.

Environment config is accessed by importing the environment object into any Angular service of component with the line import { environment } from '@environments/environment' and accessing properties on the environment object, see the user service for an example.

export const environment = {
    production: false,
    apiUrl: 'http://localhost:4000'
};
 

Main Index Html File

Path: /src/index.html

The main index.html file is the initial page loaded by the browser that kicks everything off. The Angular CLI (with Webpack under the hood) bundles all of the compiled javascript files together and injects them into the body of the index.html page so the scripts can be loaded and executed by the browser.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <base href="/" />
    <title>Angular 14 - JWT Authentication Tutorial & Example</title>
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">

    <!-- bootstrap css -->
    <link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" integrity="sha384-Zenh87qX5JnK2Jl0vWa8Ck2rdkQ2Bzep5IDxbcnCeuOxjzrPF/et3URy9Bv1WTRi" crossorigin="anonymous">
</head>
<body>
    <app-root></app-root>
</body>
</html>
 

Main (Bootstrap) File

Path: /src/main.ts

The main file is the entry point used by angular to launch and bootstrap the application.

import { enableProdMode } from '@angular/core';
import { platformBrowserDynamic } from '@angular/platform-browser-dynamic';

import { AppModule } from './app/app.module';
import { environment } from './environments/environment';

if (environment.production) {
    enableProdMode();
}

platformBrowserDynamic().bootstrapModule(AppModule)
    .catch(err => console.error(err));
 

Polyfills

Path: /src/polyfills.ts

Some features used by Angular 14 are not yet supported natively by all major browsers, polyfills are used to add support for features where necessary so your Angular 14 application works across all major browsers.

This file is generated by the Angular CLI when creating a new project with the ng new command, I've excluded the comments in the file for brevity.

import 'zone.js';
 

npm package.json

Path: /package.json

The package.json file contains project configuration information including package dependencies which get installed when you run npm install. Full documentation is available on the npm docs website.

{
    "name": "angular-14-jwt-authentication-example",
    "version": "0.0.0",
    "scripts": {
        "ng": "ng",
        "start": "ng serve --open",
        "build": "ng build",
        "watch": "ng build --watch --configuration development",
        "test": "ng test"
    },
    "private": true,
    "dependencies": {
        "@angular/animations": "^14.2.0",
        "@angular/common": "^14.2.0",
        "@angular/compiler": "^14.2.0",
        "@angular/core": "^14.2.0",
        "@angular/forms": "^14.2.0",
        "@angular/platform-browser": "^14.2.0",
        "@angular/platform-browser-dynamic": "^14.2.0",
        "@angular/router": "^14.2.0",
        "rxjs": "~7.5.0",
        "tslib": "^2.3.0",
        "zone.js": "~0.11.4"
    },
    "devDependencies": {
        "@angular-devkit/build-angular": "^14.2.8",
        "@angular/cli": "~14.2.8",
        "@angular/compiler-cli": "^14.2.0",
        "@types/jasmine": "~4.0.0",
        "jasmine-core": "~4.3.0",
        "karma": "~6.4.0",
        "karma-chrome-launcher": "~3.1.0",
        "karma-coverage": "~2.2.0",
        "karma-jasmine": "~5.1.0",
        "karma-jasmine-html-reporter": "~2.0.0",
        "typescript": "~4.7.2"
    }
}
 

TypeScript tsconfig.json

Path: /tsconfig.json

The tsconfig.json file contains the base TypeScript compiler configuration for all projects in the Angular workspace, it configures how the TypeScript code will be compiled / transpiled into JavaScript that is understood by the browser. For more info see https://angular.io/config/tsconfig.

Most of the file is unchanged from when it was generated by the Angular CLI, only the paths property has been added to map @app and @environments to the /src/app and /src/environments directories. This allows imports to be relative to the app and environments folders by prefixing import paths with aliases instead of having to use long relative paths (e.g. import MyComponent from '../../../MyComponent').

{
    "compileOnSave": false,
    "compilerOptions": {
        "baseUrl": "./",
        "outDir": "./dist/out-tsc",
        "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,
        "strict": true,
        "noImplicitOverride": true,
        "noPropertyAccessFromIndexSignature": false,
        "noImplicitReturns": true,
        "noFallthroughCasesInSwitch": true,
        "sourceMap": true,
        "declaration": false,
        "downlevelIteration": true,
        "experimentalDecorators": true,
        "moduleResolution": "node",
        "importHelpers": true,
        "target": "es2020",
        "module": "es2020",
        "lib": [
            "es2020",
            "dom"
        ],
        "paths": {
            "@app/*": ["src/app/*"],
            "@environments/*": ["src/environments/*"]
        }
    },
    "angularCompilerOptions": {
        "enableI18nLegacyMessageIdFormat": false,
        "strictInjectionParameters": true,
        "strictInputAccessModifiers": true,
        "strictTemplates": true
    }
}

 


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